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SummaryThis article is an attempt to investigate certain aspects of the social make‐up of collective and state farm workers in the U. S. S. R., in particular the contribution of the "private plot" of agricultural land and private ownership of livestock to the social character of these people. In fact, it is asking, and attempting to answer positively, whether, as a general rule, the operation of the miniature private farm means that in this respect these people are still "peasants" in a meaningful sociological sense.Whilst the validity of ideal‐type definitions of peasantry such as that of Shanin, involving economic, social, cultural and political elements is not denied, it is argued that such characterisation, together with the delineation of some groups as "analytically marginal", directs attention away from what is the most characteristic element in any peasant group, namely the particular relationship between the farm as an economic (productive) unit and the household as a domestic (consuming) unit, which is present in many of the social groups categorised as analytically marginal.In the case of Soviet agriculture, the high level of contribution of the private enterprise to the income of the family, coupled with the overwhelming consumption orientation of production in that enterprise, means that they retain an important element of "peasantness".However, in the case of state farm workers this element has always been a minor one, and most collective farm workers would now appear to be in an almost similar position, though for the bulk of their history they have obtained the preponderance of their income from private efforts. For these reasons it is argued that Soviet agricultural workers can be best understood as "worker‐peasants" (a term more usually connected with Polish and German "part‐time" farmers) which implies that the "worker" element is dominant.In diesem Artikel wird versucht, bestimmte soziale Aspekte von Kolchozbauern und von staatlichen Landarbeitern in der UDSSR zu untersuchen. Der Beitrag, den das private Stück Ackerland und der Besitz von Vieh für die Prägung des sozialen Charakters dieser Leute leistet, steht dabei im Vordergrund. Die Frage, die nach einer definitiven Antwort verlangt ist, ob diese Leute im allgemeinen aufgrund der Bewirtschaftung eines solchen privaten Miniaturbauern‐hofes im soziologischen Sinne noch "Bauern" sind.Die Validität von idealtypischen Definitionen des Bauerntums wie z. B. die von Shanin, welche ökonomische, soziale, kulturelle und politische Elemente enthält, wird nicht bestritten. Eine solche Charakterisierung, zusammen mit der Bezeichnung einiger Gruppen als "marginal" im analytischen Sinne, lenkt jedoch das Hauptaugenmerk ab von dem wichtigsten charakteristischen Element für jede soziale Gruppe von Bauern, nämlich dem besonderen Verhältnis zwischen dem Bauernhof als ökonomischer (produktiver) Einheit und dem Haushalt als privater (konsumierender) Einheit, das in so vielen der mit analytisch marginal bezeichneten sozialen Gurppen auch zu finden ist.Im Fall der sowjetischen Landwirschaft bedeutet der hohe Beitrag dieses privaten Geschäfts für das Familieneinkommen zusammen mit der vorwiegenden Konsum‐Orientierung der Produktion, daß ein wichtiges Element von "Bäuerlichkeit"übrigbleibt. Im Fall der staatlichen Landarbeiter war dieses Element jedoch immer schon nur schwach ausgeprägt und den in Kollektiven zusammengeschlossenen Arbeitern scheint es nun ebenso zu gehen, obwohl sie während des größten Zeitraums in ihrer Vergangenheit den überwiegenden Teil ihres Einkommens aus privater Tätigkeit bezogen. Deshalb können die sowjetischen Landarbeiter am besten als "Arbeiter‐Bauern" verstanden werden (ein Begriff, der normalerweise auf polnische und deutsche "Teilzeit"‐Bauern angewendet wird), was bedeutet, daß das "Arbeiter"‐Element dominierend ist.

"Examines commonplace conflicting beliefs that technology will either annihilate humanity or preserve humanity from annihilation. Argues that the paradoxical capacities of weapons influence how humanity understands violent conflict"--Provided by publisher

Healthcare continues to be in a state of flux; conventionally, this provides opportunities and challenges. The opportunities include technological breakthroughs, improved economies and increasing availability of healthcare. On the other hand, economic disparities are increasing and leading to differing accessibility to healthcare, including within affluent countries. Nutrition has received an increase in attention and resources in recent decades, a lot of it stimulated by the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. An increase in ageing populations also has meant increased interest in nutrition-related chronic diseases. In many middle-income countries, there has been an increase in the double burden of malnutrition with undernourished children and overweight/obese parents and adolescents. In low-income countries, an increased evidence base has allowed scaling-up of interventions to address under-nutrition, both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. Immediate barriers (institutional, structural and biological) and longer-term barriers (staffing shortages where most needed and environmental impacts on health) are discussed. Significant barriers remain for the near universal access to healthcare, especially for those who are socio-economically disadvantaged, geographically isolated, living in war zones or where environmental damage has taken place. However, these barriers are increasingly being recognized, and efforts are being made to address them. The paper aims to take a broad view that identifies and then comments on the many social, political and scientific factors affecting the achievement of improved nutrition through healthcare.

The authors use variation across states and over time in managed care (MC) programs for publicly insured children to examine whether effects differ for children with chronic health conditions (CWCHC) and those without. The authors pool data from the 1997 to 2002 National Health Interview Survey and link county, year, and health status information on type of MC programs implemented. Findings show that the effects of MC are concentrated on CWCHC and that CWCHC experience reductions in use of specialist, mental health, and prescription drugs. Capitated programs with mental health or specialty carve-outs are associated with a greater number and larger decreases in service use compared to integrated capitated programs. While it is not possible to determine whether MC programs resulted in more appropriate use of services, corresponding reductions in perceived access were not observed, suggesting that net effects of MC on service use represent improvements in care coordination.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- List of Workshop Delegates -- Sponsorship Acknowledgements -- Summary and Recommendations -- Endpoints in Aquatic Field Tests -- 1: The Concept of Ecological Stability Applied to Aquatic Ecosystems -- 2: On the Choice of Structural Parameters and Endpoints to Indicate Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to Pesticide Stress -- 3: Functional Endpoints in Field Testing -- 4: Interpreting the Results of Agricultural Microcosm Tests: Linking Laboratory and Experimental Field Results to Predictions of Effect in Natural Ecosystems -- 5: Structural and Taxonomic Types of Zooperiphyton as Criteria of Freshwater Field Testing -- Methodologies of Aquatic Field Tests -- 6: Prediction of Exposure Concentrations in Surface Waters -- 7: System Design for Field Tests in Flowing Waters: Design and Use of Outdoor Artificial Streams in Ecotoxicology -- 8: Methodologies of Aquatic Field Tests: System Design for Field Tests in Still Waters -- 9: Sampling and Analysis of the Test Chemical in Microcosms and Mesocosms -- 10: Sampling and Analysis Strategy for Biological Effects in Freshwater Field Tests -- 11: Are Aquatic Macrophytes Useful in Field Tests? -- 12: Large-Scale Outdoor Microcosms: Tools for Ecological Assessment of Pesticides -- 13: Use of Limnocorrals for Assessing the Aquatic Fate and Effects of Pesticides -- Case Studies of Aquatic Field Tests -- 14: Comparison of Chlorpyrifos Fate and Effects in Outdoor Aquatic Micro- and Mesocosms of Various Scale and Construction -- 15: Review of Aquatic Field Tests With Pyrethroid Insecticides -- 16: Atrazine in Aquatic Test Systems: An Evaluation of Ecotoxicological Risks